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Special Discussion on Urban Development: The Problems of Public Development

“Exclusion of resident pinions only leads to conflicts”

Baek Jong-won, CEO/Editor of Power Korea
Choi Jong-hwan, Former CEO of Kyungwon Engineering
Hyun Suk-won, CEO/Architect of TH Engineering & Architecture

Baek: What is urban development project?
Choi: Literally, it is a project to redevelop and/or rebuild a certain area of the city. Housing redevelopment, inner-city redevelopment and apartment reconstruction projects which started in the 70s are good examples of the urban development project.
Hyun: In the 80s, land readjustment project, new town construction and public housing land development also started. But the projects were either government led or controlled by development giants so the people were quite ignored what was going on around them. With the new millennium, however, the projects were simplified to be categorized either into <Urban Development> or <Urban & Resident Environment Improvement>.
Baek: What’s the difference between Urban Development and Urban & Resident Environment Improvement?
Choi: Urban Development is a planned development in a certain sized area carried out by the government organizations or private (including land owners) bodies. Urban & Resident Environment Improvement, on the other hand, has no restrictions but mainly focused on maintenance and improvements and carried out by cooperatives, mayors, governors or LH. Urban Development has two ways to be done: acceptance or rearrangement. Acceptance doesn’t need consent of the residents but is done based on the public development. Rearrangement, on the other hand, requires consent of 1/2 the residents on 2/3 of the land. Guryong Village in Gaepo-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, is a good example. 
Hyun: Guryong Village is a good example of acceptance and the deal was set on June 20 2012 with the start of the redevelopment around late 2016. However, the conflict between the residents and the local government is ongoing for some reason.
Choi: The issue is that there is discordance between the residents with the majority prefer rearrangement while the local government prefers acceptance. The line is that compensation will be arranged for both land owners and the residents but the development is carried out by a private developer. Hyun: But most residents point out that the SH Corporation steals the profits occurred by the redevelopment and for this reason they stick to rearrangement. To sum up, there is discordance between the residents and between the residents and the local government. It’s quite complicated. There’s a possibility of violence if the local government pushes forward its own way any way like the Yongsan disaster. 
Baek: Let us be clear about public development on acceptance and private development on rearrangement. 
Choi: In a word, the public development on acceptance ignores resident opinions for profits of the local government that justifies its development logic. This method was prevalent under the 70s and 80s military regimes. 
Hyun: The private development on rearrangement, on the other hand, works that the residents donate the lands for parks, parking lots and traffic lanes to the local government and the remained lands are rearranged for the land owners. 
Choi: Ostensibly, the public development sounds good for all as it prevents privatization of the development profits but provides better housings or removals. The problem is that the resident opinions are completely ignored when it comes to the divisions of the quarters and the compensation is valued lower than the market value. To make things simple, most profits goes to the local government or development corporations. 
Hyun: For this reason, urban development often involves the interests of each party and subsequent conflicts and eventually the halt of the project. Rationally speaking, the local government has to return the equal value of the profits to the residents as the government takes the lands at giveaway price. 
Baek: I’m wondering why the local government doesn’t allow private development. It can secure the public contribution instead?
Choi: The local government doesn’t allow certain zones for private development. Guryong Village is one of them. I actually don’t know about its legal basis but I think it is not right if the reason being the profits of the local government and development corporations. 
Hyun: It is true that some parts of the development lands are state owned but they are only a little. And it seems that the local government harvests most of the profits for its own good.
Choi: The local government says that the redevelopment is impossible based on the scale of the compensation the residents want. But I want to know why since the private development has no problem with it. Do the private developers carry out a project if there are no fruits to be harvested? 
Baek: What do you think are the solutions?
Hyun: With majority of the residents consent, private development on rearrangement is ideal. With low participation of the residents or high percentage of public facilities, public-private development is ideal. One thing is for sure that the local government should not use their power over resident opinions. 
Choi: Experience tells us that the public development often faced long term delay. So, some improvements must be made in order to bring effective and mutually beneficial solutions. The biggest drawback of acceptance is that the land owners simply just have to accept the compensation offered by the local government. 
Hyun: It is time that the local government’s ‘push ahead’ type projects must be stopped. The government has to listen to residents’ opinions and invite industry specialists to the projects. This way, we can bring a better and more efficient redevelopment of the city. And we must bear in mind that “exclusion of resident pinions only leads to conflicts!”
Note: <Power Korea> “rewrites” the Korean article in English “concisely” for native English speakers and staff of foreign missions in Korea.


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