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Drawing the truth of ancient history of Northeast Asia on a map
Jang Yoon-suk, the possessor of ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ 

“Old maps give us a hint of science, art and philosophy of the time”
Making a map requires one’s ability to measure accurately the distance, shapes, sizes and directions of the land alongside an eye to discern their values. A map clarifies the borders and help a nation build up diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. The history of old maps of Korea goes back as far as to the three kingdom period. A Chinese old map ‘Gudangseo’ records that the King Youngryu sent an envoy to China with a map of Goguryeo in 628 to make sure the borders. The Baekje Kingdom and The Silla Kingdom also compiled ‘Geography’ according to Samgungnyusa and Samguk Sagi. Goryeosa also records the illegal transfer of a map by Lee Sim and Ji Ji-yong in collusion of a person from Song Dynasty in 1148. But the maps made before The Kingdom of Joseon were all destroyed or missing due to the constant wars and also they were made of papers. ‘Bongukgido (1402)’ is regarded as the first map of The Kingdom of Joseon but the Great King Sejong ordered making a map in 1434 to include Pyongan Province and Hamgyong Province as well as the four and six areas of the lands in the Northern parts. It was 1463 that ‘Donggukjido’, which is regarded as the standard map of the early Joseon Dynasty era, was completed by Yang Sung-ji and Jung Chuck in the 9th year of the King Sejo. It gave details in locations and directions of the mountain ridges and the length of the Korean Peninsula but no trace of the map remained today. However, a series of maps and books were produced thereafter: Donggukyeojiseungram in 1481, Joseonbangyeokdo in 1557, Donggukdaejido by Jung Sang-ki in 1757 and Daedongyeojido (Grand Map of Korea) by Kim Jeong-ho in 1861. 

Appreciating the charm of maps drawn like landscape painting
Most remained old maps were made during The Joseon Dynasty era. People’s interest in maps was increased and numerous revisions were carried out while the types of maps were also diversified according to its purpose: military, border areas and region by region. It is notable that they have unique characteristics unlike the maps made in China, Japan or the western world: they are made by bureaucrat groups including drawers, topographers and surveyors instead of making by specific organizations. The role of topographers was especially important as the maps gave details on the ridges of mountains and the courses of rivers. For this reason, the maps made during The Joseon Dynasty era are praised for scientific precision and the landscape painting-like drawing. These maps are being used as reference today to clarify the borders and also as the important evidence in the case that the border agreement between the two countries is no longer working. Territorial dispute is not something that has started recently but from long time ago. Korea also has long been involved in the territorial dispute with Japan over Dokdo. The good news is that ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’, found in the late 1990s – Treasure No.1596 – is received as an important evidence to settle down the dispute as the map clearly states ‘Mureungdo’ and ‘Ulleungdo’ in the <Uljinhyundo>, one of the 60 maps of ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’. 

The epoch-making discovery that will write a new history of Korea
‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ is an atlas made as part of Donggukyeojiseungram. ‘Dong’ came from the latter ‘Dong’ and ‘yeo’ from the latter ‘yeo’ and ‘bigo’ means reference. Donggukyeojiseungram contains <Dongramdo> alongside nationwide map and provincial map but the reason it needed a reference map was to prevent geographical secretes from leaking and that was why the map marked ritual points only. In fact, ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ contains details of locations, names, mountains, rivers, sizes and shapes and colors and names of the palaces in Hanyang (current Seoul) and even the major regions of Japan. ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ is guessed to be made in 1682 and if correct it was made about 180 years before Kim Jeong-ho made Daedongyeojido(Grand Map of Korea) in 1861. It is notable that the map records Ulleungdo, Dokdo, part of the Manchuria and Daemado – Tsushima Island in Japanese – as Korean territories. The map also records the details of distance between Seoul and Suwon, between Seoul and Gyeongju and between the islands and the mainland including the piers of rivers and locations of temples, stations and public facilities. Considering the details in ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’, the making process can be guessed to be led by the royal family. To sum up, Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea) is highly trustable in terms of details it contains and the clear marking of the Ulleungdo, Dokdo, Manchuria and Daemado as Korean territories. 

“Studies on true values of ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ are needed”
Sadly, ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ is not being received as valuable as it must be in reality. Jang Yoon-suk, the possessor of ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ says “The overall archiving status is good but the part that states the maker and the year of made is severely damaged and this makes the map obscure in these two things. However, we can guess the approximate year of its making but it is regretful that the map is not recognized due to these obscurities.” Jang points out ‘fixed idea of our history’ and ‘factions between historians’ as the cause of this lack of recognition of the map. There formed a colonial view of the history when it comes to the Korean history study. The Japanese fabricated Korean history after annexing Korea to justify their rule. Despite the effort in making things right after the Liberation, the vestiges of Japanese Imperialism still remains intact today. And this caused factions among Korean historians. “In fact, the request for return of Daemado was pushed forward when Rhee Syng-man controlled the government based on the map ‘Samgukjeopyangjido’ recognized by powerful countries and it included Daemado and Dokdo as Korean territories. But the outbreak of The Korean War buried the discussion. If ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ was found earlier and known during the time, the ongoing territorial dispute over Dokdo today might not have happened.” We cannot count the values of national treasures with money. History is the identity of a nation and the people and it is their pride. Shin Chae-ho, an independent activist and historian once said “People who forgot their history have no future”. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the value of ‘Dongyeobigo(Reference Atlas of Korea)’ in a way to rewrite the history of Korea and make things right. 


Á¤½ÃÁØ ±âÀÚ  jungsijun@naver.com
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