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Sky is the Limit for India Korea Defense Ties
Young Taik Lim

Declining influence of the USA and the rise of China is changing the balance of forces in East Asia. Both India and Korea shares borders with China. What China does or does not do is a matter of great strategic significance for both India and Korea. The economic rise of China has changed the underlying economic, social, and military structures in this part of the world. India and Korea must prepare themselves to face new challenges arising out of changing balance power on the region.
With the changing geostrategic realties in the region, regional countries including India and Korea are under pressure to upgrade their forces to match the new uncertainties arising in the region. With the different stages of modernization of both forces, both countries can support each other in their efforts to strengthen their respective militaries. Both counties have so far neglected defense industry cooperation, especially in the fields of technology transfers, joint development of military equipment, and space development. Not any longer. Reciprocal and mutually complementary nature of their structures of weapon systems and technologies is pointing towards a greater collaboration in the near future.
Despite the fact India has fifth largest naval fleet in the world, its navy continues to have problems in procuring modern equipment for its ships. Long delays in acquiring both locally produced weapon systems and foreign purchases have already been raising questions about its ability to operate as dominant force in the Indian Ocean. Fully understanding the problems its armed forces are facing Indian government is raising its defense spending to $37.15 billion for the fiscal year of 2014–2015. But increasing the defense budget may not solve all the problems facing the Indian armed forces. Unless urgent steps are taken to overhaul the quickly deteriorating defense equipment and technologies accidents and mishaps in the Indian Navy and air force will continue to occur.
In recent year India has emerged as a largest importer of arms in the world. Till day Russia has been the main supplier of defense equipment and technologies. However in recent years India has started exploring new options for weapons procurements. Europe and United states have emerged as a new supplier for armed forces.
In this changed scenario Korean defense industry has got some opportunity to do business in India. There are many possible areas where Korean companies enjoy competitive edge. Recently because of the increased threat from the skies India is planning to induct high-tech Aegis ships designed to trace incoming missiles and shoot them down. Here Korean ship building industry in general and Korea’s Hyundai Heavy Industries in particular who has jointly developed the KDX-III Aegis destroyer with the U.S.-based Lockheed Martin can play a role in building naval ships for India
Korean Aero space industry could be the other possible contender for Indian defense market. Earlier Indian forces has shown interest in Korean  super-sonic (T-50) trainer jets, unmanned aerial vehicles produced by Korea’s aerospace industries.  Though Korean defense industry is facing tough competition from its rivals in Europe and USA Korean defense  industry has got some room for  business because of its low cost and not so tight technology transfer regimes. Indian government is expected to spend US$100 billion in new weapon acquisition program in next ten years.  Korea can bid for a small chunk of this big business opportunity.
Apart from defense industry cooperation huge potential exists in area of Defense Research and Development (R&D) cooperation between two countries. Both counties have already signed a number of MOUs in this regards. India’s new defense minster Shri Manohar Parrikar  is expected to visit Korea in this year. New MOUs covering the transfer of defense technology, joint production of weapons, and joint research and development (R&D) are expected to be signed during his visit.
YOUNG  TAIK LIM
* Chairman of Business & Technology(ºñÁî´Ï½º¾ØÅ×Å©³î·ÎÁö ȸÀå)
*Vice President of Central DOKDO Association(µ¶µµÁß¾Ó¿¬¸Í ºÎÃÑÀç)

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Q&A
+ Mr Ajay Chandpuria +
“The Defense cooperation between two countries has already reached a certain level of maturity and expected to bear big fruits in near future”


Colonel Ajay Chandpuria is the Defense Attaché of India to Republic of Korea.After graduating from the National Defence Academy & Indian military academy, he joined the Indian army as a commissioned officer in 1990 and has served in a multitude of important appointments including instructional and staff. He has spent most of his active duty time serving in operational areas including on the borders with Pakistan and China. He holds two master’s degrees: one in ‘Defense & Strategic Studies’ and another in ‘Management Studies’.  In October 2012, he was appointed as the first resident Defence Attaché of India to Republic of Korea. 
Korea’s top bilingual magazine Power Korea has met Colonel Ajay Chandpuria in his office in down town Seoul.

What is the current state of India- Korea relations and future directions?
Historical and cultural contacts between the two countries date back to ancient times. Princess ‘Suriratna’ from Ayodhya in India had travelled to Korea in 48 AD, married King Kim-Suro of the Garak Clan, and became Queen Huh Hwang-ok. More than 5 million present day Koreans claim to be the descendents of this royal couple. We also share the same Independence Day (15 August) though the year is different. India is proud of the contribution of 50 Parachute Field Hospital during the Korean War which treated over 223,000 patients and its important role in the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission following the Armistice which entailed deployment of over 5,200 troops. In recent years, the State Visit to South Korea by President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, in February 2006 heralded a new vibrant phase in India-Korea relations. As importantly, President Lee paid a landmark visit to India, as the Chief Guest at India's Republic Day celebrations on 26 January 2010, when the bilateral ties were raised to the level of ‘Strategic Partnership’. 

What are the important cooperation areas for the next 10 years?
The bilateral relations in the past years had been centred on economic partnership. However, the present day relationship has a healthy and vibrant connect across the entire spectrum of bilateral ties. The coming times will only witness a multifaceted flourish and further strengthening of the same as the two partners find more and more common ground for cooperation, be it trade and industry focused on manufacturing, defence & security, culture, tourism, economy, space technology, to science, etc.

We learned that the Indian defense wing was opened in Seoul recently. What prompted it (the purpose)?
The bilateral relations were elevated to strategic level of partnership in 2010 which was followed by an expanded range of engagements between the two countries. This also included a higher level of cooperation in the fields of defence and security. It was in acknowledgement of this impetus which led to establishment of Defence Wing of India at Seoul in October 2012. 

How do you see the current state of defense relations between the countries?
India and Republic of Korea are strategic partners. In addition to a number of bilateral forums, specifically in the field of defence, we have instituted the ‘Defence Policy Dialogue’ at the Vice Defence Minister’s level of both countries in December 2013. The inaugural session was held in Seoul while the last such dialogue was held recently at New Delhi. We also hold regular high level meetings on defence industry & logistic, research and development etc. We also have regular high level exchanges between the two militaries and an active exchange program of military education. We also have a regular military to military interaction especially between the two Navies.

Are there naval or air force cooperation also? 
The two navies have a regular and active interaction. In fact it was at the end of 2014 that ROK Navy ships visited an Indian port. The Coast Guards of the two nations also have a MOU since March 2006 aimed at cooperation in preventing piracy, armed robbery, trafficking in arms, smuggling and illegal migration at sea and in combating marine pollution. We paid a visit by the Chief of Air Staff of India to ROK in July 2013 after the visit of the Chief of Staff of ROK Air Force to India in November of the same year wherein both sides agreed to expand range of bilateral cooperation. 
Korea is an export-oriented country and securing the sea lanes for trade is important. How can India contribute to keeping the sea lanes safe for free trade?
Korea is an export oriented economy and, for its energy needs like India, largely depends on Sea Lanes Of Communication (SLOCs). India geographically occupies a strategic location astride the Indian Ocean Region which bears the maximum density and weight of international seaborne traffic. The international community including both India and Republic of Korea are confronted with numerous challenges affecting safety of the SLOCS which includes piracy, trafficking of humans, arms & drugs, terrorism, and smuggling to name a few. India with a 7,516 kms of coast line, over 1,100 islands and 2.2 million square kms of EEZ is hugely affected by these challenges and has been working in cooperation with partner countries that include Republic of Korea, to keep the SLOCs safe. Both the Indian Navy and the Indian Coast Guard are playing an important part in the international efforts to ensure safety & freedom of navigation of the SLOCs.

International terrorism is a threat to the world peace. What roles can India and Korea play to tackle it? 
International Terrorism has emerged as the biggest threat to the global peace and security. India, a victim of trans-border terrorism for over three decades, has been trying to draw the attention of the international community for urgent & cogent efforts to address this menace. The 9/11 attacks in the US & the 11/26 terror attacks in Mumbai were indicative of the transnational nature, potency of this threat and the resulting vulnerability of countries. The situation confronting some countries in Africa & the Middle East, and the recent terror attacks in France are a fresh wake up call for the international community to act expeditiously. The key to tackling such a threat entails working together. Both India and ROK have been playing an active and positive role in various international forums including the UN, and are committed to working together with the rest of the international community in dealing with the threat of international terrorism.
  
Nuclear weapons are another threat. How do we cope with nuclear threats especially from unstable regimes like North Korea?
Proliferation of nuclear weapons is a matter of grave concern. The solution is a comprehensive, non-discriminatory and verifiable elimination of all weapons of mass destruction (WMD) from the face of earth. India’s consistent position on a WMD free Korean peninsula is well articulated. 

What strategies do we need to strengthen our relations?
While India-ROK relations are at their best ever, there is a great potential for enhancing the ties especially with the focus of the new Government in India to ‘Make in India’. The two sides have a shared vision and a definite roadmap to expand the entire range of bilateral relations. I would like to impress upon one critical facet. ROK with its strong manufacturing base including defence industries can be a valuable partner to help India boost its manufacturing sector and indigenization of its defence industry. The fastest growing amongst the large emerging economies, huge domestic market, abundance of land and cheap qualified labour, new incentives for investments and potential to export to third countries makes India a very attractive and viable partner for JVs for Korean companies.    

What impact the fast changing balance of power among Asian countries will have for the relationships between Korea and India?
The only constant in the world is change. Our regions too are witnessing a lot of change. Fortunately Indian and Korean strategic concerns and interests have seen greater convergence, as a consequence. The scope of our bilateral engagement has qualitatively expanded, in recent years.

Recently there was change in government of India. How does the new government see the Korea’s defense and security Industry? Where does Korea fit in the new government’s defense industry policy?
The new government has a vision: economic development of India and its people. The main focus of the government is, as I also mentioned earlier, ‘Make in India’ that is to strengthen the manufacturing sector, the key aspects of which include the defence industries and infrastructure. ROK can be a valuable partner in this regard given its strong and impressive manufacturing sector and viable defence industries. Major Korean companies like LG, Hyundai, Samsung, Doosan have already been operating in India for more than 20 years, are house hold names and enjoy great creditability and respect. Hence given the focus of the new government, it is the most opportune time for the Korean defence industries to come and partner with Indian companies; both from the public and private sectors with maximum encouragement from the Government of India. 

The Indian Defense Minister is expected to visit Korea this year. What is the purpose and what agreements are expected to be signed between the two countries? 
The Defence Minister of ROK visited India in December 2012 and the visit of Indian Defence Minister to ROK in near future is now being planned. The two sides have an active defence and security relationship which will be further strengthened by this visit. As I mentioned, the focus of the new government in India is to indigenize defence industries. One aspect of focus during the visit would be inviting Koran defence industries to partner with India and discussing specific areas of such cooperation.    

What are the things we can cooperate in these four fields: arms acquisition, technology transfer, joint venture and defense related Korean FDI (foreign direct investment)?
All the four fields are quite interlinked and connected. The new government has increased the foreign direct investment in defence sector to 49%. But this is a guideline and this FDI can be increased up to 100% if the state of the art or niche technology is involved. The Defence procurement procedures are being simplified and made more business friendly including the offsets. There has been a lot of emphasis on E-Governance which will not only increase the speed of doing business in India but also enhance the transparency. The India is a huge market.  The government has plans to upgrade and modernize the Armed Forces with a capital procurement of over USD $ 130 billion over next seven years. We also estimate an additional budget of UDS $ 110 on homeland security during this period. The emphasis of the government is on acquisitions through either the “Buy & Make in India (50% indigenous content on cost basis) or Make in India”. While India has a number of Defence Public Sector Units (DPSU), the import content of the defence acquisitions remains very high. Now, with the new business friendly policies of the government, private sector led by big industrial houses like Tata, Mahindras, Larsen &Toubro, Kirloskar are building up defence manufacturing capabilities. This is in my opinion the most opportune time for the Korea defence industry to partner the Indian DPSU and the corporate sector. While we have a number of companies from several other partner countries like France, Israel, USA, Russia, UK engaging in such ventures but we feel that Korean companies have the right technology, and the business ethos. With buoyant defence relations between the two sides, cooperation in defence industries promises to be the significant sector for expansion. It remains a business decision to have JVs or consortiums, and issues affecting ToTs etc discussed on case to case basis, the government of India does promise all possible encouragement and support to Korean defence industries coming to India.    

India is very good at space technology. What are the important areas where India can assist Korea? Or what can we learn from India? 
As I said, India and ROK are not only strategic partners but have strong and buoyant relations that span across the entire spectrum of bilateral ties. An important facet of this is a recent agreement for cooperation in peaceful use of outer space. While India is very proud of its achievements in this field, the two sides are currently in discussion on furthering cooperation in this important field.
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(Draft only)
In Conversation with 
Dr. LAKHVINDER SINGH
‘Strategic integration with east Asia constitute the core of India’s new ‘Act East Policy”


Dr. LAKHVINDER SINGH called the “Father of India-Korea Strategic Partnership,” has played an important role in the evolution of strategic partnership between India and Korea. He began advocating India-Korea strategic partnership at a time when most of the scholars and diplomats in both countries were still focused only on economic and cultural content of this important partnership. While most of the Indian strategic thinkers were still struck in post-Cold War generalizations, by bringing Korea into the strategic framework of India he introduced a new element in the ongoing strategic debate in India, Korea and East Asia. He is the recipient of various awards and fellowships, including awards from the Korea Foundation, the Asia Foundation, and Brain Korea 21. Currently Dr. Singh is Visiting Professor at the Institute of Far Eastern Studies in Seoul. He also serves as president of the India–Korea Policy Forum and editor-in-chief of the South Korean published Asia–Pacific Business & Technology Report. A specialist in Asian security, he has written on various issues including India–Korea Defense and security Cooperation, System Change in the Asia–Pacific Region and Economic Reforms in North Korea and India. His latest book on south Korea- India Strategic Partnership was published in November 2014. Considered to be the highest published scholar on India- Korea strategic ties with more than 300 research papers, articles, research reports to his credit Dr. Singh is well known name among the Korean and Indian academic and strategic community.
Recently Power Korea has a chance to sit with Dr. Singh. Here are excerpts of the conversation we had with Dr. Singh.


Q. Thanks for talking to Power Korea. First of all please tell us what is your take on fast changing strategic environment in the region?
Ans: For some time now the United States has been losing the economic and military edge that allowed it to previously play a leading role in Northeast Asia. Now, new players emerging in the region have started to challenge its dominance and hegemony. The United States has been replaced by China as the largest trading partner and aid provider for most of the countries in Northeast Asia. The transition towards a new order is still quite dynamic and the role of various players involved yet shaping up but some of the developments do  raise a concern in some quarters.   


Q2. How do you see the new role of China in East Asia?
The rise of China and how it tries to craft a new role for itself is the most important question facing the region. It is said before the mid of 21st century, China will replace the United States as the biggest economic power in the world. The thought of having one of our own fellow Asian country as the largest economic power in the world is inspiring and frightening . Feelings amongst the Asians are mixed.

Q3. What will be the implications of this power shift for Asia in general and Korea and India in particular?
For Asia it cannot be work as usual any longer. With a new emerging global order taking shape, countries including Korea and India are being forced to evolve new policy alternatives to protect their national interests. For many political, economic and historical reasons, Korea and India cannot expect the same kind of leadership from China, as was provided by the United States. Both countries have good friendly ties with China. But China as a new hegemon is still a long way off from playing the of role ‘great balancer’ as was the case with United States for many reasons. The core question facing the two countries is how best two middle powers like India and Korea can serve, protect, and promote their national interests in this new evolving strategic set up. 

Q4.  Do you think their interests be better served by forging a closer alliance between themselves? 
Yes. I think so. Their interests can be better served by forging a closer alliance. They have lot to gain if they work together.
Today both India and Korea are significant middle powers with strong economies and an established role in international institutions. Both are democracies share a strong interests in the rule of international law establishing regional order. Their recent joining of hands presents a new paradigm in international relations: two middle level powers trying to build their collaborative identity, and craft a new role for themselves to protect and promote their own vision, instead of blindly following the power politics polices of traditional super powers. 

Q5. Recently there has been a change of government in India.  What is new government’s policy towards East Asia?
New government in India has set very clear strategic priorities for itself in East Asia. Economic and strategic integration with East Asia constitute the core of India’s new ‘Act East Policy’. Korea, as an important actor in East Asian regional economics and politics constitute an important player in this policy. Korea is India’s strategic partner and can play an important role in the development of defence industries in India given its strong defence industry manufacturing base.

Q6.  How India can help Korea in peace building on Korean peninsula?
With the six party talks coming to a dead end the possibility of nuclear confrontation on the Korean peninsula is increasing by the day. War on the Korean peninsula would have a devastating effect not only on the Korean economy, but also on the global economy as well. So far, India’s involvement in peace building on the Korean peninsula has been minimal. Given the increasing profile of India on world stage and the fact that India is one of the few Asian countries that has good diplomatic relations with both Koreas, there is a much greater scope for India’s role in peace building on the Korean peninsula. Indian experience of handling nuclear powered neighbors could also be of great help for South Korea which is facing similar threats from nuclear North Korea.

Q7. What steps can be taken to take India- Korea alliance to higher level?
For India and Korea to take their strategic partnership to a higher level, it is imperative that they realign their strategic priorities and common objectives in accordance with each other’s needs. It is only after this, that they will be able to play a more constructive and mutually beneficial role in the emerging new Asian regional order.

Q8.  Is there any limit to this relationship?
 Korea and India operate in very different geographic and strategic set ups. They are facing very different economic and political circumstances. Geographical, historical, economic and strategic factors restricting this partnership have to be properly examined and factored in while taking this relationship forward.

Q9. What is the future of strategic partnership between India and Korea?
The future of the India-Korea strategic partnership will depend on how both countries continue to factor in each other in their respective strategic calculations to meet their ever changing strategic needs. Currently the two countries together have a fresh dynamism to bilateral relations like never before. Strategic paradigms in the region are under constant change. Today, a golden opportunity exists to take this relationship to the next level. 


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